Comparing Rosalynde and As You Like It :: comparison compare contrast essays

Thomas Lodge's Rosalynde is an unwieldy piece, the romance is thick, heavy, and conventional. Yet when Shakespeare took it in hand, to rework the tangled web of disguise and romance into As You Like It, he changed much of the emphasis, by both altering and adding characters. Rosalynde is a celebration of love; As You Like It, a philosophical discourse on love.. Shakespeare cuts to the chase, eliminating much of the prologue to Rosalynde. We hear of old Sir Roland de Boys (Lodge's John of Bordeaux) only through Orlando's opening speech, not the extended deathbed collection of aphorisms Lodge provides (though this shade of Polonius perhaps influences old Adam's long-winded style). Likewise, the extended ruminations are cut entirely or, for the forest scenes, condensed into tighter dialogue. Lodge's grand tournament, with the jousting prowess of the anonymous Norman (proto-Charles) happens offstage, and we see only a wrestling match. Lodge's usurper favors Rosader after the tournament, but Shakespeare's Frederick spurns Orlando for his parentage and Oliver plots more quickly against his brother, further excising the plot-perambulations of the source and removing the months of tension and reconciliation that plague Saladin and Rosader. But Shakespeare also takes care to lighten his villains, more in the spirit of a playful comedy than Lodge's sometimes grim pastoral. His Charles is relatively innocent, deceived by Oliver rather than entering willingly into his pay (as the Norman does with Saladin). Oliver, in turn, is not such a relentless foe as Saladin: he has no cronies to assist in binding up Orlando, he does not so mistreat his brother before us as happens in Lodge's pastoral. Even the usurper Duke, Torismond/Frederick, does not exile his own daughter in Shakespeare's play (only remonstrating her with "You are a fool"). And he is not killed in battle at the end of the play, but rather converted to a holy life, in much the same fate that Lodge's Saladin plans for himself in remorse ("[I shall] wend my way to the Holy Land, to end my years in as many virtues, as I have spent my youth in wicked vanities." (p.273)). In contrast, Shakespeare darkens his heroes: they are not all the blithe, pastoral folk Lodge paints. Celia's single "Is it not a foul bird that defiles its own nest?" (p. 245) early in Rosalynde becomes Celia's more extended harangue at the end of IV.

The Supernatural in Macbeth Essays -- Macbeth essays

The Supernatural in Macbeth       More than a few elements of the supernatural can be discovered within the action and dialogue of Shakespeare's plays.   However, the extent and nature of those elements differs to a large degree.   There are traces of it to be found in Henry V, "Pardon, gentles all,/The flat unraised spirit that hath dar'd...to bring forth/So great and object" (Lucy   1).  Ã‚   There are also elements of it apparent in Winter's Tale, "What I did not well I meant well" (Lucy   1).   The supernatural is used most fearsomely in Hamlet, with the ghost of Hamlet's father representing the most frightening apparition in all of the Bard's plays.   However, the supernatural is used to an almost whimsical degree in   A Midsummer's Night Dream and The Tempest.   In both of these plays the supernatural does not assume an evil demeanor, though it does wreak havoc on the lives of those in its midst.   Yet, the supernatural is connected more with a generic nature of chance than one that is pure evil as in Macbeth or pure "foul and most unnatural" as it is in Hamlet (Shakespeare   1078).      In A Midsummer's Night Dream there is a great deal of mirth and whimsy and the supernatural elements are more of a mischievous variety than any kind of sinister entities.   For example, in keeping with the humorous order of the day within the play, Shakespeare gives us elements of the supernatural that add to the mood and theme of the piece.   For instance, we see supernatural forces in characters like Oberon, "a spirit of another sort", lord of the Realm of Dreams who represents the "white light of dawn" (Lucy   8).   Queen Mab and a host of faeries also inhabit this realm of mortals who would be fools.   The overall effect o... ...nopsis.htm   Dec. 20, 1998:   1.    "To Strut And Fret Upon The Stage."   http://www.io.com/~`jlockett/Grist/English/macbethsources.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-4.      "William Shakespeare's Macbeth."   http://www.angelfire.com/biz2/NOTES/macbeth.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-8.      Bloom, H.   Shakespeare:   The Invention Of The Human.   Riverhead Books, NY:   1998.    Hodara, S.   "A Midsummer Night's Dream."   http://web.syr.edu/~shodara/midsummer.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-6.    Lucy, M.   "Shakespeare And The Supernatural."   http://www.mwsc.edu/~eng368/summer97/public/7.24.97-10.55.59.html   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-13.    Noda, M.   "Weird Creatures And Weird Imagination."   http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/6630/macbeth.htm   Dec. 20, 1998:   1-3.      Shakespeare, W.   The Complete Works Of Shakespeare.   Gramercy Book, NY:   1975.  

The Influence of Bob Marleys Absent, White Father :: Bob Marley Essays

â€Å"My fadda was a guy yunno, from England here, yunno? Him was like†¦like you can read it yunno, it’s one o’dem slave stories: white guy get the black woman and breed her. He’s a English guy†¦I t’ink. Cos me see him one time yunno. My mother? My Mother African.† (Bob Marley, 1978) The psychological aftermath of being an abandoned child of a biracial marriage was something that heavily influenced reggae superstar Bob Marley for his entire career. Many of Marley’s most loyal fans and the vast majority of reggae enthusiasts are unaware that he was, indeed, born to a white father, Captain Norval Marely, and a black mother, Cedella Booker. Bob Marley grew up angry with his father who he felt had mistreated him and his mother. Marley was also partially ashamed of his white heritage. This childhood mentality of resentment and embarrassment sculpted Marley’s youth and eventually influenced the ideals and work of his musical genius for his entire career. The sentiment of abandonment and the lack of a father figure forced Bob Marley to look to other means, like the ideals of Rastafarianism, for direction, comfort, and a sense of belonging. The strong allegiance to black culture that resulted from the absence of his white father also partially attribut ed to Marley’s unwaveringly sense of Pan-Africanism. The imperfections and almost total absence of Bob Marley’s Caucasian father, Captain Norval Marley, had a profound psychological influence on the great reggae icon. The effects of racial issues on human nature and thought are highly debated and viewed quite sensitively by many. Often, people even find their feelings and observations difficult to discuss with regard to the subject matter. With this in mind, it needs to be stated that Bob Marley was not a bigot in any way. In reality, Marley was a â€Å"missionary for a form of personal and collective identity he called â€Å"Rasta† a word that both signified a history of racial oppression, and pointed to a definition of community beyond the language of race† (Stephens 149). It should also be stated that Marley was a member of the early movement of Rastas who were rooted in Garvey’s Black Nationalism, and in an ancient tradition of â€Å"Africanized† Christianity known as Ethiopianism (Stephens 149). Early Rastas adopted the ideals of Kenyan anti-colonial rebels, their call to action being: â€Å"Death to the white oppressor† (Stephens 149).

Revenue Allocation Among The Three Tiers Of Government In Nigeria

IntroductionRevenue allocation is one of the Constitutional functions of the Revenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission. Specifically, Part I, Paragraph 32 of the Third Schedule to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which states that the Commission is to â€Å"review, from time to time, the revenue allocation formulae and principles in operation to ensure conformity with changing realities. Provided the any revenue formula which has been accepted by an Act of the National Assembly shall remain in force for a period of not less than five years for the commencement of the Act† Nigeria system of government has three levels namely, Federal, State and Local Governments.Each tier has its own constitutional responsibilities. And in a situation where the allocation of tax powers creates a resource imbalance amongst the stakeholders, it necessitates the need for an arrangement to allocate centrally-collected revenue so that revenue and development coul d spread evenly throughout the country. This is manifested in the Nigerian case, where more lucrative taxes are controlled by the Federal Government.Fiscal FederalismFiscal federalism is a system of taxation and public expenditure in which revenue-raising powers and control over expenditure are vested in various levels of government within a nation, ranging from the national government to the smallest unit of local government (Anyafo, 1996). Basically, fiscal federalism emphasizes on how revenues are raised and allocated to different levels of government for development. There is the problem of how to allocate revenue to different tiers of government in relation to the constitutionally assigned functions.The discordance between fiscal capacity of various levels of government and their expenditure responsibilities, the non-correspondence problem, is a striking feature of the Nigerian federal finance. There is also the problem of how revenue should be shared among the states and local councils. According to the resource allocation function of the government, revenue is allocated to federating units of a country for economic development, otherwise called fiscal federalism. Nigeria’s fiscal federalism has emanated from historical, economic, political, geographical, cultural, and social factors. In all of these, fiscal arrangements remain a  controversial issue in allocating distributable pool account (DPA) of the federation since 1946 (Ekpo, 2004).

Mac Vs. PC Essay

â€Å"The biggest ongoing discussion has to be the one that’s dominated the technological world for well over two decades: the Mac vs Pc debate† (Intel.com). Many have debated that Pc is better than Mac while others have debated Mac is better than Pc. Only a few have said that it depends on what it’s used for. If only we had more insight to both sides of Mac and Pc. Many people pick a computer based on what they are used for to and don’t find the computer that’s right for them. Others don’t find out the facts about each computer and just go with the cheapest because it’s cheap, even though they would be getting a cheap computer it can still be the wrong kind of computer for them, plus it wouldn’t work to their advantage. Before reading this you have to dismiss the ideas you had about Mac’s and Pc’s. If you put aside what you think you know about Pc, and Mac you will understand what computer is best for you. â€Å" Mac is a line of personal (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Inc. It was initially targeted mainly at the home, education, and creative professional markets. Since the introduction of the Macintosh, the computer has seen significant evolution now making it one of, if not the most powerful general-purpose computers on the market. It now targets the business, science, and law markets as well.† â€Å"Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. Microsoft introduced an operating named Windows on November 20, 1985 as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUI).[4] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world’s computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984.† The most important part of both computer systems is the cold hard facts between each other. The statistics of Mac and Pc vary depending on the website or article one finds. For example, on Computer Hope, they say that Mac wins at security, operating system, quality, boot time, and drivers while Pc wins at price, software, options for customizing, upgrades, gaming and repair. However some of the main differences are that Pc’s are not all the same, while some Apple Macs can now run windows, and if you’re looking at Windows XP it is not the same as Windows 7, or 8. Some other websites give more examples and reason in explaining with no bias opinion or clear winner and leave it to the user.  With the information of cost, popular applications, development and distribution, compatibility, gaming, supported architectures, user, virus attacks, system software, performance, repairs, programs and apps, privacy, customizability, messaging, and interface. According to Hongkiat.com the computer that is more successful can not be decided but, â€Å"To put it in easier te rms; Microsoft sold it’s operating systems to various computer companies, allowing a broad distribution for its operating systems. As a result, Microsoft is more popular than other operating systems in the market. Meanwhile, Apple has strictly designed their operating system to fit perfectly in their own hardware.† Mac is the new laptop/computer that has changed the minds of many into leaving the ways of the Pc. Is Mac really better than Pc? This debate has been on the minds of many, but the real question is, is the Mac better than Pc? According to the Ultimate Lab test article on Popular Mechanics.com, Mac is the winner of both desktops and laptops. After the test between both the website came to the conclusion that â€Å"In both the laptop and desktop showdowns, Apple’s computers were the winners. Oddly, the big difference didn’t come in our user ratings, where we expected the famously friendly Mac interface to shine. Our respondents liked the look and feel of both operating systems but had a slight preference toward OS X. In our speed trials, however, Leopard OS trounced Vista in all-important tasks such as boot-up, shutdown and program-launch times. We even tested Vista on the Macs using Apple’s platform-switching Boot Camp software—and found that both Apple computers ran Vista faster than our PCs did.† Techrater.com states that â€Å"Apple has had a head start when it comes to designing slim, sexy and powerful laptops but it is nice to see that Windows-based notebooks are finally catching up. If money (and platform) is no object, the MBP is probably the better choice given that it can be upgraded to an even more powerful beast.† Some people can’t do a lot of research before buying a Mac, there are five reasons why Mac is better than Pc. On KSL.com there are five reasons why Mac is better than Pc. The first reason is that Macs are easier to use, for instance the Mac in a way hides a lot of things that don’t usually need to be seen, so finding apps is easier. Second is that Macs just work, and this goes side by side with Macs are easier to use. Third is that the app store is on the Mac,  almost everyone one in the world is associated with the app store in one way or another, so one does don’t have to search the internet for a program, people can just go to the app store. The fourth reason is iPhone integration, in the world we live in today 43.5 percent of people use iPhones. The fifth reason is image even Microsoft admits that Macs are â€Å"sexy† computers. The bonus reasons for Macs are great battery life, fewer viruses, page is better than word, it keeps people from wasting time playing video games, high quality parts, doesn’t come with â€Å"bloatware,† or pre-installed stuff you’ll never use, and built-in backup software that’s easy to use. For those people who will argue that Pc is better than Mac, it’s time to show them what Pc does better than Mac. Pc is the laptop/computer that people know and love and could never separate from them. Intel informs us about Pc vs. Mac in compatibility, reliability, cost, memory, hard drive, stability, availability and software. However in the end Intel say’s PCs tend to be the winner, while Macs remain the choice for the more elite or anti-Microsoft computer users. Popular mechanics say that Pc is cheap, and the Pc comes with a bundle of free software immediately installed. KSL.com gives us five reasons why Pc is better than Mac. One of the five reasons that Pc is better than Mac is that they are cheaper, whether it’s buying the computer itself, or equipment for the computer. The second reason is that it has Microsoft office it’s a program that everyone knows and loves. Third, is the ability to play more games on the Pc than the Mac. Fourth of all is the flexibility of hardware with the Pc, such as opening up the Pc and adding a SSD, or more RAM. The final reason is that it ’s what you know how to use. Some bonus reasons are uninstalling programs is easier, you have more control of everything, their look is more â€Å"hard core†, and that Macs are dull and colorless. With all this information how does anyone know how to choose the right computer? How do people choose the right computer for themselves? What most people do is choose a computer they’re used to or the most expensive because they think that’s what they need, the latest and greatest technology. What they should do instead is learn about what they want in a computer to figure out which is better for them. According to howstuffworks.com there are ten  differences you should look for in your new laptop or computer. Design, price, technical specifications, choice, availability, operating system, users, software, security, and customer satisfaction. Theses are the differences between Mac and PC one should consider to look for when buying either computer. The debate between Mac and Pc has been going on for so long even Fox News did a story on Mac Vs. Pc. Harry McCracken say’s â€Å"Me, I’m cheerfully agnostic: I recommend both Windows PCs and Macs all the time, and use them both, too. The last computer I purchased was a thin-and-light Asus laptop running Windows 7; the one before that was a 15-inch MacBook Pro. When it comes time to buy a new machine, I’ll consider both options. And if your budget permits, I recommend you do the same.† In order to do this people have to look at several statistics to decide what computer they like for themselves. Cost is the most important statistic to look for. People say that Pc is a lot cheaper than Mac; while the truth is that it depends on the type of computer it is whether it be Mac or Pc. After cost people have to look at the selection of both computers. It is true that Pc has many different varieties that you can customize, while Mac has basically nine variants. Operating systems is one of the most important things to look for in a computer. Security is important but all computers have great security so no one should have to think about it. Last but not least is the service, because if Mac has better service th an Pc, then people should want a mac, but if Pc has better service, you want a PC. According to Harry McCracken â€Å"The best thing of all about the PC-or-Mac decision? Despite what impassioned partisans may contend, it’s not a big, existential question. Whether you buy a Windows system or a Mac, you’ll find that the Web is the Web, that good software (much of it free) is plentiful, and that printers, cameras and nearly all other hardware work fine. Hey, they’re just computers, folks and the only thing that really matters is choosing one to fits your needs, taste and budget. Between each computer there are some common misconceptions. For instance, Macs are more expensive than Pc’s, but the truth is â€Å"First Apple only sells top-of-the-line processors and equipment in their current computers, while you can buy a brand new Pc with pretty wimpy hardware. Second there are many comparison charts (see the website) that show how in order to get equivalent hardware and software to anew Mac you have to pay the same price for a Pc (even if you build it  yourself).†Another misconception is that â€Å"Pc’s don’t work for recording music, but the truth is PCs are used to make music all over the world, especially in home studios. It is true that in professional recording facilities, less than 10% use PCs for recording, but they are using them and they are working.† A third Common misconception is that â€Å"Macs are not as upgradable as Pc’s, but that is a lie because this is true only in the mind of computer nerds, but for the average person Macs and PCs are equally easy to upgrade. The major hardware components that average people upgrade on their computers such as RAM, hard drives, optical drives, and video cards are identical to upgrade on Mac and PCs.† The last common misconception that is mentioned on Safari books online is that â€Å"freeware and shareware is only available on Pc, There is an ever increasing amount of freeware and shareware programs available for Mac, but there are still more programs available for pc†. Information like this can help anyone to pick the right computer. The long debate between Mac and Pc will go on between for many more years because no computer will ever be the same, and each computer will always hate its flaws. However we need to go beyond what we think to find the right computer. It does not matter whether that you like Mac, or Pc, all that matters is the statistics between both computers. If you like Mac and don’t want to change then you don’t have to change, it’s just that you might want to think about what you want in a computer. The Pc is what people are used to and when people are used to something they don’t want to change, and that’s fine but if you want to do something along the lines of photography or design you might want to switch to Mac. The statistics between both can persuade anyone to like either or both Mac or Pc. The sole purpose of this paper is to show you all the facts about both companies, and let you decide. After all, the only person who knows you best is YOU!

How does Mark Haddon use the first person narration in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time? Essay

In the words of Christopher Boone ‘The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night – time’ is a ‘’murder mystery novel’’. This book takes you on a surprisingly effective journey through the world of 15 year old Christopher suffering from Asperger’s syndrome; a boy who turns to mathematics for comfort, who cannot eat foods if they are touching on his plate, and who judges the potential success of his day by the number of similarly coloured cars that pass him on the way to school. The story of the murder of Mrs Shears’s dog is told from Christopher’s perspective. Author, Mark Haddon’s use of the first person narrative is effective in the way in which it enables us to enter Christopher’s mind, it equally creates problems for the reader†¦ Throughout the novel, it becomes clear for us that Christopher finds it difficult to portray emotion or vice versa to read other people’s emotions. The fact that Christopher has Asperger’s syndrome adds to his inability to relate to how other people feel. As a result of this Christopher sees life in a very logical way and tends to describe things in lots of detail. This lack of understanding is highlighted during the novel. Initially the way Christopher fails to understand Mrs Shears’s anger and horror at the discovery of her dog, and later his lack of understanding for his father’s unhappiness and regret. ‘’There was a policeman and a policewoman. The policewoman had a little hole in her tights on her left ankle and a red scratch in the middle of the hole.’’ This quote shows Christopher’s logic and understanding and how he failed to realise that the policewoman had been hurt. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is a murder mystery novel. Christopher tells us how he does not ‘’like proper novels.’’ The first person narration is good for the reader because it’s as if you are travelling with Christopher on a journey and you are there with him all the time in the book. As a reader you feel this way because in the book the ‘major’ events unfold to you and Christopher at the same time so as a character Christopher is facing new experiences, whilst you the reader are getting a shock. The reader and Christopher are both kept in the dark for the same amount of time until the truth gets revealed. ‘’Then I stopped reading the letter because I felt sick. Mother had not had a heart attack. Mother had not died. Mother had been alive all the time.’’ This quote shows the time when Christopher finds out that his mother had not been dead, and in fact alive. His reaction to this is not e xactly ‘vivid’ however as a reader you could imagine in your head that moment and picture his facial expressions. Mark Haddon’s use of the first person narrator makes the story seem more realistic as it lets the reader get an insight into not just Christopher’s but most of the character’s emotions. Even though Christopher himself doesn’t tend to show much emotion you can still paint an image in your head of what he is feeling, this is because of the way he narrates. The small yet detail he gives you along the story is beneficial as it enables you to become close to Christopher and understand him as a character. The details he notices of other people tend to be their body language; this information helps the reader to understand how other characters feel. Christopher finds it hard to read emotions and gets confused when he can’t think properly, as a reader you can relate to his frustration because of the way he responds to people and their actions. ‘’What else did I say Christopher? I thought that this might be a rhetorical question, but I wasn†™t sure. I found it hard to work out what to say because I was starting to get scared and confused.’’ The downside to Mark Haddon’s use of first person narration is that the reader cannot fully experience what other people are feeling. The reader is restricted to mainly Christopher’s feelings and emotions as the book is written from his perspective. The fact that it is written from Christopher’s point of view means that everything we find out has already been processed through Christopher as he is the narrator. The disadvantage of this is that because Christopher has Asperger’s syndrome, it is harder for him to understand things like jokes and metaphors. ‘’ This will not be a funny book. I cannot tell jokes because I do not understand them.’’ This could be bad for the reader because Christopher is a very literal person so it is hard for him to add humour into the book and for that reason readers may not enjoy the fact it is written in first person. Christopher tends to focus on other small details which seem relevant to him but as readers you feel as if sometimes it is just completely off topic. Another reason why Mark Haddon’s use of first person narration is not suitable is that, when Christopher narrates he tends to digress alot. When he talks he sticks to the topic however moments later he is narrating about another topic. ‘’Marilyn vos Savant said that you should always change and pick the final door because the chances are 2 in 3 that there will be a car behind the door.’’ This quote was taken from a chapter which started off by Christopher talking about why he liked maths and how his teacher said that Christopher liked maths ‘’because it was safe.’’ The chapter ended with a tree diagram showing outcomes of a game show, where the topic started, and where it ended were in two quite different places! In conclusion, I think that Mark Haddon has successfully written this book in first person although if the book was written in third person we would gather more information from all characters and their feelings, alternatively, as it is written in first person, Mark Haddon tells Christopher’s story with warmth and humour which makes us see Christopher’s problems at the same time that we experience everyone else’s frustrations in dealing with him. By having Christopher as a narrator it allows you to enjoy those situations that may happen in real life. The suspense that builds up throughout the story is great as it keeps you on the edge of your seat as you don’t know what is going to happen next! I personally enjoyed reading this book from Christopher’s point of view as it lets you imagine how people deal with Asperger’s syndrome as well as how they act with the syndrome. The first person narration is effective because I think it made the book seem more realistic because in reality that is probably what would happen, if you were to go onto a train for the first time alone then you would most likely be scared.†Then the train wobbled a lot and I had to hang onto a rail and we went into a tunnel and it was noisy and I closed my eyes and I could feel the blood pumping in the sides of my neck.’’ I think the way in which the author has captured Christopher’s emotion and feelings is unique because as a reader I first thought It was boring to be reading a book from his point of view, however as the story went on I realised that it is quite fascinating to be reading from someone who has Asperger’s syndrome. Overall I thought this book was quite extraordinary and the first person narration was used quite effectively.

Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric Surgery Indication: No studies evaluate the commonly used indications for bariatric surgery. Consensus guidelines suggest that the surgical treatment of obesity should be reserved for patients with a body-mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m(2) or with BMI >35 kg/m(2) and 1 or more significant co morbid conditions, when less invasive methods of weight loss have failed and the patient is at high risk for obesity-associated morbidity and mortality (strength of recommendation: C, based on consensus guidelines). Types:There are two basic types of weight loss surgery — restrictive surgeries and malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries. They help with weight loss in different ways. Restrictive surgeries:  work by physically restricting the size of the stomach and slowing down digestion. A normal stomach can hold about 3 pints of food. After surgery, the stomach may at first hold as little as an ounce, although later that could stretch to 2 or 3 ounces. The smaller the stomach, the less you can eat. The less you eat the more weight you lose. Malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries:  are more invasive surgeries that work by changing how you take in food.In addition to restricting the size of the stomach, these surgeries physically remove or bypass parts of your digestive tract, which makes it harder for your body to absorb calories. Purely malabsorptive surgeries — also called intestinal bypasses — are no longer done because of the side effects. Specific Types of Weight Loss Surgery There are many different surgical procedures for weight loss, and each has several variations. Adjustable Gastric Banding Gastric banding is among the least invasive weight loss treatments.This surgery uses an inflatable band to squeeze the stomach into two sections: a smaller upper pouch and a larger lower section. The two sections are still connected; it's just the channel between them is very small, which slows down the emptying of the upper pouch. Gastric banding physical ly restricts the amount of food you can take in at a meal. Most people can only eat a ? to 1 cup of food before feeling too full or sick. The food also needs to be soft or well-chewed. There are several brands of adjustable gastric bands available. They include LAP-BAND and REALIZE. Pros.The advantage to gastric banding is that it's simpler to do and safer than gastric bypass and other operations. It's routinely done as minimally invasive surgery, using small incisions, special instruments, and a tiny camera called a laparoscope. Recovery is usually faster. You can also have it reversed by surgically removing the band. Because the band is connected to an opening just beneath the skin in the abdomen, it can be easily loosened or tightened in the doctor's office. To tighten the band and further restrict the stomach size, more saline solution is injected into the band.To loosen it, the liquid is removed with a needle. The Cons. People who get gastric banding often have less dramatic we ight loss than those who get more invasive surgeries. They may also be more likely to regain some of the weight over the years. The Risks. The most common side effect of gastric banding is vomiting, a result of eating too much too quickly. Complications with the band aren't uncommon. It might slip out of place, or become too loose, or leak. Sometimes, further surgeries are necessary. As with any surgery, infection is always a risk. Although unlikely, some complications can be life-threatening.Sleeve Gastrectomy This is another form of restrictive weight loss surgery. In the operation, which is usually done with a laparoscope, about 75% of the stomach is removed. What remains of the stomach is a narrow tube or sleeve, which connects to the intestines. Sometimes, a sleeve gastrectomy is a first step in a sequence of weight loss surgeries. It can be followed up by gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion, if more weight loss is needed. However, in other cases, it might be the only s urgery you need. The Pros. For people who are very obese or sick, standard gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion may be too risky.A sleeve gastrectomy is a simpler operation that allows them a lower-risk way to lose weight. If needed, once they've lost weight and their health has improved — usually after 12 months to 18 months — they can go on to have a second surgery, such as gastric bypass. In people with high BMIs, sleeve gastrectomies result in an average weight loss of greater than 50% of excess weight. Because the intestines aren't affected, a sleeve gastrectomy doesn't affect the absorption of food, so nutritional deficiencies are not a problem. The Cons. Unlike gastric banding procedures, a sleeve gastrectomy is irreversible.Most importantly, since it's relatively new, the long-term benefits and risks are still being evaluated. The Risks. Typical surgical risks include infection, leaking of the sleeve, and blood clots. Gastric Bypass Surgery (Roux-en-Y Ga stric Bypass) Gastric bypass is the most common type of weight loss surgery. It combines both restrictive and malabsorptive approaches. It can be done as either a minimally invasive or open surgery. In the operation, the surgeon divides the stomach into two parts, sealing off the upper section from the lower. The surgeon then connects the upper stomach directly to the lower section of the small intestine.Essentially, the surgeon is creating a shortcut for the food, bypassing a section of the stomach and the small intestine. Skipping these parts of the digestive tract means that fewer calories get absorbed into the body. The Pros. Weight loss tends to be swift and dramatic. About 50% of it happens in the first six months. It may continue for up to two years after the operation. Because of the rapid weight loss, health conditions affected by obesity – such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, arthritis, sleep apnea, heartburn, and other conditions — often improve quickly.You'll probably also feel a dramatic improvement in your quality of life. Gastric bypass also has good long-term results; studies have found that many people keep most of the weight off for 10 years or longer. The Cons. By design, surgeries like this impair the body's ability to absorb food. While that can cause rapid weight loss, it also puts you at risk of serious nutritional deficiencies. The loss of calcium and iron could lead to osteoporosis and anemia. You'll have to be very careful with your diet — and take supplements — for the rest of your life.Another risk of gastric bypass is dumping syndrome, in which food is â€Å"dumped† from the stomach into the intestines too quickly, before it's been properly digested. About 85% of people who get a gastric bypass have some dumping. Symptoms include nausea, bloating, pain, sweating, weakness, and diarrhea. Dumping is often triggered by sugary or high-carbohydrate foods, and adjusting the diet help s. However, some experts actually see dumping syndrome as beneficial, in that it encourages people to avoid foods that could lead to weight gain. Unlike adjustable gastric banding, gastric bypass is generally considered irreversible.It has been reversed in rare cases. Therefore, getting this surgery means that you're permanently changing how your body digests food. The Risks. Because these weight loss surgeries are more complicated, the risks are higher. The risk of death from these procedures is low — about 1% — but they are more dangerous than gastric banding. Infection and blood clots are risks, as they are with most surgeries. Gastric bypass also increases the risk of hernias, which can develop later and may need further surgery to fix. Also, a side effect of rapid weight loss can be the formation of gallstones.Biliopancreatic Diversion This is essentially a more drastic version of a gastric bypass, in which part of the stomach — as much as 70% — is r emoved, and even more of the small intestine is bypassed. A somewhat less extreme version of this weight loss surgery is called biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch or â€Å"the duodenal switch. † While still more involved than a gastric bypass, this procedure removes less of the stomach and bypasses less of the small intestine. It also reduces the risk of dumping syndrome, malnutrition, and ulcers, which are more common with a standard biliopancreatic diversion.The Pros. Biliopancreatic diversion can result in even greater and faster weight loss than a gastric bypass. Studies show an average long-term loss of 70% to 80% of excess weight. Although much of the stomach is removed, the remainder is still larger than the pouches formed during gastric bypass or banding procedures. So you may actually be able to eat larger meals with this surgery than with others. The Cons. Biliopancreatic diversion is less common than gastric bypass. One of the reasons is that the risk of nutritional deficiencies is much more serious.It also poses many of the same risks as gastric bypass, including dumping syndrome. However, the duodenal switch may lower some of these risks. The Risks. This is one of the most complicated and high-risk weight loss surgeries. According to National Institutes of Health, the risk of death from the duodenal switch ranges between 2. 5% and 5%. As with gastric bypass, this surgery poses a fairly high risk of hernia, which will need further surgery to correct. However, this risk is lower when the procedure is done laparoscopically. Reference: News release Allegran.ACP Medicine: â€Å"Endocrinology Chapter X: Obesity. † American Society for Bariatric Surgery web site: â€Å"Brief History and Summary of Bariatric Surgery. † American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery web site: â€Å"Bariatric Surgery: Postoperative Concerns. † National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases: â€Å"Gastrointestina l Surgery for Severe Obesity. † Obesity Action Coalition web site: â€Å"Gastrointestinal Surgery (Bariatric Surgery),† Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. † Reviewed by Melinda Ratini, DO, MS on May 29, 2012  © 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.